The gallbladder is a small, pear‑shaped organ that stores bile produced by the liver and releases it into the small intestine to help digest fats. When the gallbladder is removed (cholecystectomy), the body adapts, but certain health issues can arise afterward.1. Post‑cholecystectomy syndrome (PCS)After surgery, some people experience ongoing abdominal symptoms such as:Digestive discomfort: bloating, gas, or diarrhea, especially after fatty meals.Bile flow changes: the liver continues to produce bile, but it drips directly into the intestine, which can cause irritation.Pain: intermittent upper‑abdomen or right‑side pain that mimics the original gallbladder issues.2. Bile‑related digestive problemsWithout the gallbladder’s storage function, bile is released continuously, which may lead to:Fat malabsorption: c